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In addition to its specialized sensors for glass melt and tin bath applications, Read-Ox also offers the classic atmosphere oxygen sensor — designed for use in combustion chambers, regenerators, and flue gas channels. Based on the Nernst Equation, this sensor measures the oxygen activity of the surrounding atmosphere, enabling accurate calculation of %O₂ and lambda values for optimal combustion control at temperatures up to 1650°C.
In glass furnaces, the air-fuel ratio, expressed as the lambda (λ) value, is typically maintained close to unity (λ = 1), where energy efficiency is maximized. Deviations from this balance can lead to both environmental and operational concerns. A lean atmosphere (oxidized, λ > 1 ) increases NOₓ emissions, which are harmful to the environment. A rich atmosphere (reduced, λ < 1 ) results in elevated CO levels in the flue gases, causing harm to the environment, and also leading to damage to refractories and overheating of the regenerator and stack due to post-combustion. Both extremes can negatively affect glass quality, making precise combustion control essential.
The lambda value of the combustion atmosphere is calculated using the oxygen sensor’s EMF (millivolt) signal and the atmosphere temperature. For accurate lambda determination, it is important to know the exact fuel composition (e.g., hydrogen-to-carbon ratio and nitrogen content) and the humidity of the combustion air.